Abstract：Stumbled over the term forex swap and could not find its meaning, relevance and implication? In this quick guide, we’ll explain forex swaps in the simplest terms possible.
Stumbled over the term forex swap and could not find its meaning, relevance and implication? In this quick guide, well explain forex swaps in the simplest terms possible. So, what is a swap in forex trading? It is simply an agreement made between two foreign parties to swap interest payments on a loan made in one currency for interest payments on a loan in another. It can even involve the exchange of principal amounts. As the agreement concludes, the principal amount would be exchanged back. A swap in forex typically involves a notional principal used for calculating interest. However, it does not get exchanged. To know more about this topic, keep reading!
A Little Background on Swaps in Forex
The most significant purpose behind executing a currency swap agreement is to obtain loans in foreign currency at attractive interest rates than what might be the case when borrowing directly in a foreign market. During the 2008 financial crisis, the US Federal Reserve allowed several liquidity-strapped countries to swap currencies to meet urgent borrowing needs.
Salomon Brothers, an investment banking firm, arranged the currency swap transaction wherein the World Bank and IBM agreed to the very first transaction of this sort in 1981. As part of the transaction, IBM swapped German Deutsche marks and Swiss francs for US dollars to the World Bank.
The execution of forex swaps is done through loans with maturities up to 10 years. These swaps differ from interest rate swaps by involving principal exchanges.
Explaining the Foreign Currency Swap Process
The foreign currency swap, as explained above, is an agreement by which one party pays interest charged on the principal loan amount of another party throughout the agreement tenure. As the swap gets over, the principal amounts get exchanged one more time at the agreed rate. Currency swap rates used to be tied to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), an average interest rate used by international banks when borrowing from each other. It is used as a benchmark for other overseas borrowers. Swaps are also benchmarked based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) from 2023.
Types of Swaps in Forex
Swaps in forex are of many types, which have been explained below.
Fixed for Fixed Currency Swap
In this arrangement, the parties give consent to exchange fixed interest rate payments in two currencies. Commonly used by the two parties seeking predictable interest payments, the arrangement prevents them from facing potential uncertainty arising from interest payment fluctuations due to floating rates.
Fixed for Floating Currency Swap
This arrangement involves different types of interest rate payments from two parties. Here, one party makes fixed interest payments, and another one pays based on the floating rate, such as SOFR. This swap is reflective of a certain payment structure that one party wants, while the other party intends to capitalize on potential interest rate changes.
Floating for Floating Currency Swap
The swap involves the exchange of interest rate payments from both parties based on the prevailing floating rates in their respective currencies. Also called a basis swap, this helps both parties to maximize the potential interest rate movement across different markets.
Amortizing Currency Swap
This swap is designed to reduce the notional amount over time, helping users align with a principal repayment schedule. Whenever the parties seek swap alignment with an amortizing loan, such as project finance, they can enter into this swap agreement. With this, both parties exchange interest payments on reducing principal amounts.
Accreting Currency Swap
This type of swap involves the notional principal rising over time.
Zero-Coupon Currency Swap
A zero-coupon currency swap will have one party paying interest regularly while the other party pays all the interest on maturity.
Reasons Why Investors Use Currency Swaps in Forex
Falling Borrowing Costs
Securing cheaper debt is the common reason why investors opt for currency swaps. For instance, European Company B procures a loan worth $120 million from US Company C. At the same time, US Company C takes a loan worth 100 million euros from European Company B. The $1.2 spot rate, indexed to LIBOR, decides the exchange between these two companies. The companies entered into the contract because it helps them obtain currencies at an attractive rate. If there is an exchange of principal in a currency swap deal, the principal will be exchanged again on maturity.
Falling Exchange Rate Risks
Currency swaps are also used by companies to lower exposure to anticipated exchange rate fluctuations. Usually, these risks arise when companies conduct business globally. So, they would like to hedge such risks by acquiring opposite and simultaneous currency positions. As they no longer require hedging, companies can unfold the swap. The potential losses owing to fluctuating exchange rates can be offset by the profit earned through the swap. As a result, companies continue to operate without any interruption.
Conclusion
Forex swaps are essential financial instruments that offer flexibility, cost-efficiency, and risk management to investors and multinational companies. Whether it's for securing better interest rates, managing currency exposure or structuring long-term funding, currency swaps are a strategic solution to navigate the forex market. Understanding the types, processes and real-world applications of forex swaps, traders can make more informed investment decisions.
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